Damascus, Syria

Damascus, the capital of Syria, holds the distinction of being among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Its rich history is palpable in its ancient architecture, bustling souks, and historic sites. As a crossroads of several civilizations, Damascus offers a unique blend of Christian and Islamic heritage, showcased in its myriad of sacred sites like the Umayyad Mosque and the Chapel of Saint Paul. The city’s traditional craftsmanship in metalwork and fabrics can still be admired in its vibrant markets, providing a glimpse into its cultural depth and historical significance.

For an authentic experience, visit the bustling Al-Hamidiyah Souq. This historic market is the perfect place to sample local cuisine and shop for traditional handcrafted items.

Plan your visit during the spring or autumn months to enjoy pleasant weather while exploring the city’s numerous outdoor historical sites.

How to best experience Damascus?

Search for Tickets, tours, and activities in Damascus using direct search on the following providers:

GetYourGuide.com Viator.com Trip.com Expedia.com Tiqets.com Ctrip.com (中文)

Damascus: A Historical Tapestry

Country
Syria

Time in Damascus
GMT+2

Language spoken
Arabic

Population
2,079,000 (World Population Review)

Currency
Syrian Pound (SYP)

Airports
Damascus International Airport (DAM) (3 mi / 5 km).

Damascus, the capital city of Syria, is one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, boasting a history that stretches back over seven millennia. Situated in southwestern Syria, Damascus is a city layered with history and culture, evident in its ancient architecture, bustling souks, and historic sites.

This city, affectionally known as the ‘City of Jasmine,’ is a living museum of different eras of human civilization, offering insights not only into the early Islamic period but also into Roman, Ottoman, and French impacts. At the city’s heart is the Old City of Damascus, a UNESCO World Heritage site, where narrow alleyways and traditional Damascene houses speak volumes of its storied past.

Despite its age and historic preservation, Damascus is also a vibrant modern city with modern infrastructure and a bustling economy. Key landmarks include the Umayyad Mosque, one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world, and the Damascus Citadel. The city’s cultural scene is equally vibrant, with numerous cafes, restaurants, and art galleries that showcase contemporary Syrian life beside its ancient ruins. Moreover, Damascus has been a focal point in regional and international history, evident from its strategic role in various geopolitical conflicts.

Where is Damascus?

Damascus is located in the southwestern part of Syria, nestled against the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range.

Distances:

Route	Distance by car	Time by car
Aleppo to Damascus	193 miles (310 km)	4 hours 30 mins
Homs to Damascus	101 miles (163 km)	2 hours 15 mins
Latakia to Damascus	222 miles (357 km)	5 hours

What is Damascus famous for?

Damascus is renowned for its rich history and cultural heritage. The city is famous for its historical sites like the Umayyad Mosque, the ancient city walls, and its traditional craft industries, especially the intricate art of Damascene metal work and textiles.

History

Ancient Beginnings: Prehistory to 635 AD

Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, boasts a rich and complex history that dates back to prehistoric times. Archaeological finds suggest that the area was settled as early as 10,000 BC. By the third millennium BC, it was an important cultural and commercial center, part of various ancient empires, including the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians. The city’s strategic geographical position made it a crucial trade hub, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas between the East and the West.

Islamic and Crusader Periods: 635-1516 AD

The Islamic conquest in 635 AD marked a significant turn in the city’s fate, bringing new cultural and religious influences. Damascus became the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, greatly expanding and flourishing as a center of political power and Islamic culture. Magnificent structures such as the Umayyad Mosque were constructed during this period. Subsequent centuries saw the city’s control shift between various Islamic dynasties and briefly fall under Crusader influence, reflecting the region’s turbulent political landscape.

Ottoman Rule and French Mandate: 1516-1946

The Ottoman Turks seized Damascus in 1516, incorporating it into their vast empire. Under Ottoman rule, which lasted over 400 years, Damascus retained its economic and cultural significance. The city experienced another phase of modernization under the French Mandate following World War I. This period was marked by political and social unrest, culminating in the significant nationalistic uprising against French control.

Modern Era: 1946 to Present

Syria gained independence in 1946, ushering in a period of rapid political changes, with Damascus as its capital. The late 20th and early 21st centuries have been periods of both development and hardship, including internal conflicts that have profoundly impacted the city. Despite these challenges, Damascus continues to be a symbol of endurance and cultural richness, preserving an extraordinary heritage within its ancient walls.

Visit Damascus

What to see and do in Damascus

Exploring Damascus, the Syrian capital, offers a journey through layers of rich history and vibrant culture. Key attractions include the Umayyad Mosque, one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world, known for its exquisite architectural design and religious significance. The Damascus Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage site, provides a captivating glimpse into the city’s storied past with its narrow alleys and traditional Damascene houses. For a taste of local life, visit Souq al-Hamidiyya, a bustling market offering everything from spices to handmade artifacts. The National Museum of Damascus features invaluable artifacts that narrate the region’s archaeological legacy.

Umayyad Mosque
Damascus Old City
Souq al-Hamidiyya
National Museum of Damascus

Cultural Festivals and Events in Damascus

Despite recent challenges, Damascus hosts several cultural festivals and events annually. The Damascus International Fair, once halted, has been revived, showcasing a blend of trade, culture, and art, typically held in the later summer months. Other significant cultural expressions include the Al-Mawred Al-Thaqafy (Cultural Resource) festival, which promotes local arts and music and occurs sporadically depending on the year.

Best time to visit Damascus

The best times to visit Damascus are during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) months. During these periods, the weather is mild, and the conditions are ideal for exploring outdoor sites and historical monuments. Summers can be extremely hot and dry, while winters are cold, which might not be comfortable for all travelers.

Is Damascus worth visiting?

Damascus offers a unique glimpse into a city that has stood the test of time, showcasing a blend of various civilizations and cultures. Fascinating historical sites, vibrant markets, and rich cultural experiences make it a compelling destination. However, potential visitors should be aware of the ongoing regional instabilities and challenges concerning safety and infrastructure. While the city holds vast cultural and historical appeal, these issues can affect travel plans and overall experience. For those interested in the ancient world and Islamic culture, and who can navigate the complexities of current circumstances, Damascus undoubtedly has much to offer.

What are the must-visit historical sites in Damascus?

Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, boasts a wealth of historical sites that you shouldn’t miss. The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, stands out as a monumental site, famous for its architectural beauty and historical significance. Another must-visit is the Damascus Citadel, a medieval fortified palace which offers a glimpse into the historical military significance of the city. The Old City of Damascus itself is a UNESCO World Heritage site, where you can wander through ancient streets and discover centuries-old architecture and souks like Al-Hamidiyah Souk. Additionally, the Azm Palace, built in the 18th century, provides insight into Ottoman-era architecture and the lifestyles of the period.

What local dishes should I try in Damascus?

When visiting Damascus, indulging in local cuisine is a must. Make sure to try dishes such as Shawarma, a popular Middle Eastern meat wrap, and Falafel, deep-fried chickpea balls served in a wrap or with salads. For a unique local experience, sample Kibbeh, Syria’s national dish made from minced meat and bulgur, typically served fried, baked, or raw. Don’t miss out on Mehshi, a variety of stuffed vegetables and grape leaves. For those with a sweet tooth, Baklava, layers of pastry filled with nuts and syrup, is a delight. Additionally, the local ice cream called Booza, known for its elastic texture and pistachio flavor, is a refreshing treat on warm days.

How can I respectfully visit religious sites in Damascus?

Visiting religious sites in Damascus requires an understanding and respect for the local culture and religious practices. Dress modestly, which typically means covering your shoulders, knees, and in some cases, your head, especially when entering mosques or churches. It’s important to remain quiet and avoid disruptive behavior within sacred areas. Always ask for permission before taking photographs, as some sites might restrict photography to preserve the sanctity of the place. Additionally, be aware of prayer times and visit outside these hours if possible to avoid interrupting worship. Being mindful of these customs will ensure a respectful experience for both you and the worshippers.

What are the best shopping spots in Damascus?

Damascus offers a variety of shopping experiences, from traditional markets to modern malls. Al-Hamidiyah Souk, the largest and oldest bazaar in Syria, is a not-to-miss shopping destination where you can find everything from spices and textiles to handmade artifacts. For a more local experience, visit the Medhat Pasha Souk, also known as the Straight Street, which is lined with small shops selling souvenirs, fabrics, and local crafts. For modern shopping, the Damascus Mall and Sham City Center provide a wide range of international and local brands. These spots not only offer goods but also a chance to observe everyday Syrian life and interact with locals.

What is the best time of year to visit Damascus?

The best time to visit Damascus is during spring (April to June) or autumn (September to November). During these months, the weather is pleasantly mild, making it ideal for exploring the outdoor historical sites and bustling souks. Spring sees the city in bloom, providing beautiful natural scenery, whereas autumn offers comfortable temperatures without the summer heat. Avoid visiting in summer when the weather can be extremely hot, making outdoor activities challenging, and winters can be quite cold, which might not be ideal for everyone. Additionally, visiting during these shoulder seasons means fewer tourists, allowing for a more relaxed experience.

What public transport options are available in Damascus?

Damascus has several public transport options that are convenient for tourists. The most common forms include buses and minibuses that cover various routes within the city and its suburbs. These are economical and frequent but can be crowded. For more comfort, taxis are widely available and relatively affordable; make sure to negotiate the fare before starting your journey or insist on using the meter. Recently, private ride-hailing services have also become available in the city, offering another convenient option for getting around. For exploring nearby areas or if you prefer traveling at your own pace, car rental services are also accessible.

Are there any cultural festivals in Damascus that tourists can attend?

Damascus hosts various cultural festivals throughout the year that tourists can enjoy. One of the highlights is the Damascus International Fair, usually held in summer, which is one of the oldest and largest trade fairs in the Middle East, offering insights into local and international arts, culture, and products. The Al-Bukamal Festival for Heritage and Culture is another significant event, celebrating Syrian heritage through music, dance, and traditional crafts. Additionally, religious festivals such as Ramadan and Eid provide unique opportunities to experience local traditions, cuisine, and hospitality. Check local listings for exact dates and festivities during your visit.

Are there language barriers for English-speaking tourists in Damascus?

While Arabic is the official language in Damascus, English is commonly taught in schools and is understood widely, especially within the younger population, tourism-related businesses, and higher-end service industries. Signage in tourist areas and major attractions often includes English translations. However, it is always appreciated when visitors try to use basic Arabic phrases for greetings and polite expressions. Carrying a translation app or a phrasebook can be helpful for more complex interactions or in local markets and less tourist-centric areas. English-speaking guides are also available for historical sites and guided tours.

Country	Syria
Time in Damascus	GMT+2
Language spoken	Arabic
Population	2,079,000 (World Population Review)
Currency	Syrian Pound (SYP)
Airports	Damascus International Airport (DAM) (3 mi / 5 km).