Aleppo, Syria

Aleppo, one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, offers a mosaic of cultural heritage and rich history. This ancient metropolis, once a crucial hub on the Silk Road, invites travelers to explore its historic mosques, vibrant souks, and the famed Citadel of Aleppo. Despite recent conflicts, Aleppo stands resilient, with recovery and restoration efforts aiming to preserve its architectural treasures and storied past for future generations.

Before visiting Aleppo, familiarize yourself with local customs and current travel advisories to ensure a safe and respectful experience.

Allocate sufficient time to explore the Citadel of Aleppo, a monumental site that offers insights into the city’s millennia of history.

How to best experience Aleppo?

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Aleppo: A city resilient through time

Country
Syria

Time in Aleppo
GMT+2

Language spoken
Arabic

Population
1,602,264 (according to the Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics, 2021)

Currency
Syrian Pound (SYP, £)

Airports
Aleppo International Airport (5 mi / 8 km).

Aleppo, one of the world’s oldest inhabited cities, has a history dating back over 4,000 years. Situated in northwestern Syria, it was once a flourishing trade center due to its strategic position on the Silk Road. A testimony to its rich past are landmarks such as the ancient Citadel, a heavy walled fortress towering above the city which tells stories of numerous civilizations from Hittites to Ottomans. Despite the recent conflicts, Aleppo remains a symbol of resilience and cultural continuity.

Most remarkable is its Old City, a UNESCO World Museum site, boasting an intricate mix of alleys, souqs, mosques, and a labyrinth of ancient architecture. In recent years, efforts to reconstruct and preserve Aleppo’s historic essence have been underway, despite the challenges faced by ongoing political situations. Aleppo’s food is another centerpiece of its identity, with local spices and dishes that have been passed down through generations and still linger in the city’s bustling marketplaces.

Where is Aleppo?

Aleppo is located in northern Syria, approximately 310 km north of the capital Damascus, positioned at an elevation of about 430 meters above sea level. This strategic geographic placement historically positions Aleppo as a cultural and trading bridge between cultures.

Distances:

Route	Distance by car	Time by car
Damascus to Aleppo	355 km	5 hours 30 mins
Homs to Aleppo	208 km	3 hours 15 mins
Lattakial to Aleppo	180 km	3 hours
Idlib to Aleppo	59 km	1 hour 10 mins

What is Aleppo famous for?

Aleppo is famously known for the Aleppo soap, a natural soap made of laurel oil and olive oil, used by the peoples of the region for thousands of years. In addition to its ancient marketplaces, the city’s rich history makes it a treasure trove of historical sites.

History

Before 5000 BCE: Early Settlements

Aleppo, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, traces its origins back to the 6th millennium BCE. The city’s strategic location as a crossroads for trade between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia established its early significance.

1000 BCE – 700 AD: Hittites to Byzantine Rule

The discovery of Hittite texts mentions Aleppo under various names such as Halab and Halpa. Over the centuries, it saw the rule of Assyrians, Persians, Greeks under Alexander the Great, and later the Romans and Byzantines, each adding layers to its rich historical tapestry.

7th Century: Islamic Conquest

The Islamic armies conquered Aleppo in the 7th century, marking a significant change in its cultural and religious landscape. It became an important center for Islamic education and trade during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. The Great Mosque of Aleppo, initially built during this era, highlights its architectural and cultural evolution.

11th – 16th Century: Seljuk and Ottoman Dominance

Following the Seljuk conquest in the 11th century, Aleppo became a capital of the Seljuk Empire. During the Ottoman era, starting in the 16th century, Aleppo was transformed into one of the largest cities in the empire, famous for its cuisine, music, and architecture, exemplified by structures like the Citadel of Aleppo.

20th Century – Present: Modern Challenges

The city’s significance remained until the modern era despite challenges. However, the civil war starting in 2011 led to massive destruction, particularly in the Old City. Despite this, recovery and rebuilding efforts are ongoing, with the city’s resilient spirit aiming to restore its historical and cultural legacy.

Visit Aleppo

What to see and do in Aleppo

Aleppo offers a myriad of attractions and activities for visitors. Explore the ancient Aleppo Citadel, a fortress that dominates the city skyline, offering insights into the city’s historical significance and providing stunning views. Visit the bustling souks such as Al-Madina Souq, one of the largest covered markets in the world before damage in recent conflicts, known for its range of goods from spices to textiles.

Citadel of Aleppo
Great Mosque of Aleppo
National Museum of Aleppo
Stroll through the Christian Quarter
Sample local cuisine, particularly the famous Aleppo soap.

Festivals and Events in Aleppo

Aleppo hosts several cultural festivals and events, primarily focusing on celebrating its rich history and culture. Notable events include the Silk Road Festival, which takes place in early autumn, reviving the historical trade routes and cultural exchanges of the past.

Best time to visit Aleppo

The best time to visit Aleppo is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November). During these periods, the weather is milder, making it ideal for exploring the outdoor historical sites and bustling markets.

Is Aleppo worth visiting?

Aleppo presents a case of profound historical depth intertwined with recent tragedy. The city’s rich history as a cultural and economic hub is shadowed by the impacts of ongoing conflict. Visitors interested in historic and cultural exploration can find a plethora of sites, but should be prepared for signs of destruction and ongoing restoration efforts. While the situation poses challenges, including safety concerns, the resilience of the city and its people make it a poignant destination for those wishing to witness the recovery of one of the world’s oldest cities and support its revival.

What are the typical foods to try while visiting Aleppo?

Aleppo is renowned for its rich culinary tradition, which is considered one of the most diverse in the Middle East. When visiting, you should definitely try Kebab Halabi, famous for its mixture of minced meat, spices, and pine nuts. Don’t miss out on Aleppo’s famous cherry kebab (Kebab Karaz), which intriguingly combines meat with sour cherries and pomegranate molasses. For a simpler yet delightful taste, try the Aleppo-style Sfiha, small flatbreads topped with minced meat and spices. Vegetarians can enjoy Muhammara, a spicy dip made from walnuts, bread crumbs, and red peppers. End your meals with sweet treats like Ma’amoul (stuffed cookies) or halawa (a sesame sweet).

What traditional markets can I visit in Aleppo?

In Aleppo, visiting traditional markets, or souqs, is a must. Souq al-Madina, the city’s largest covered market, offers everything from spices and textiles to handmade soaps. This historic market provides a glimpse into the traditional trading and cultural exchange that have shaped Aleppo. Another significant market is the Souq al-Attarine, famous for its variety of spices and perfumes. These markets not only offer shopping experiences but also provide a sensory journey through the sounds, sights, and smells of old Aleppo, making them integral parts of the Aleppian cultural landscape.

Are there specific cultural norms or etiquettes I should be aware of when visiting Aleppo?

In Aleppo and broader Syria, cultural norms and etiquette are deeply rooted in respect and hospitality. When interacting with locals, a polite and modest demeanor is appreciated. It’s customary to accept offers of coffee or tea when visiting someone’s home, as refusing can be considered impolite. Dress conservatively, especially when visiting religious sites; women should carry a scarf to cover their heads in such locations. Always use your right hand for eating and greeting, as the left is traditionally considered unclean. Learning a few basic Arabic phrases like “Shukran” (thank you) can also go a long way in showing respect and earning goodwill.

What are the main historical sites to visit in Aleppo?

Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, rich with historical sites. The iconic Aleppo Citadel, a massive medieval fortress, offers panoramic views of the city and a deep dive into its history. The Great Mosque of Aleppo, also known as the Umayyad Mosque, is another must-visit, known for its architectural beauty and historical significance. Furthermore, the ancient Christian quarter of Jdeydeh hosts a mixture of churches that date back to the early Christian era. These sites represent the layered history of religious and cultural coexistence typical of Aleppo.

How can tourists contribute to the conservation of Aleppo's heritage sites?

Tourists can play a significant role in the conservation of Aleppo’s heritage sites by practicing responsible tourism. This involves respecting all historical sites and adhering to local guidelines like not touching or climbing on ancient structures. Tourists can also support local preservation efforts by visiting museums or exhibitions that fund conservation activities. Additionally, purchasing local handicrafts and products helps sustain the economy and the people who maintain these traditions. Engaging with and supporting local guides who have in-depth knowledge of Aleppo’s history further aids in the preservation and transmission of its unique heritage.

What public transportation options are available in Aleppo?

Getting around Aleppo can be managed through various public transportation options. The most common are city buses, which serve major routes throughout the city at a low cost. For more direct routes, shared taxis known as “service” (pronounced “servees”) are widely used and can be a cost-effective way to travel. These taxis usually operate on fixed routes and are shared among passengers. For a more comfortable and private option, private taxis are readily available but are more expensive. Negotiating the fare in advance is recommended, especially if the taxi does not have a meter.

What local crafts and products are unique to Aleppo?

Aleppo is famous for several unique crafts and products. Perhaps the most renowned is Aleppo soap, a natural soap made with olive oil, laurel oil, water, and lye. Dating back centuries, this gentle and effective soap is celebrated worldwide. Aleppo is also known for its intricate textiles, particularly silk brocades and wool carpets. Moreover, the city’s craftsmen are skilled in traditional marquetry, which involves the art of inlaying different woods, bones, and metals into decorative wooden items. Visiting local workshops and markets can give you a firsthand look at these traditional crafts.

Can I visit Aleppo's rural landscapes and what activities are available?

Aleppo’s surroundings are characterized by picturesque landscapes that make excellent day trips from the city. The region offers a mix of rolling hills, olive groves, and ancient villages. Activities in rural Aleppo include hiking, particularly in the nearby Limestone Massif, which is dotted with medieval villages and historical ruins. For leisure, consider visiting local vineyards where you can taste and learn about the region’s wine production. Cultural tours of small villages can also provide insight into traditional Syrian lifestyles and crafts. These rural escapes offer a peaceful contrast to the bustling city experience.

Country	Syria
Time in Aleppo	GMT+2
Language spoken	Arabic
Population	1,602,264 (according to the Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics, 2021)
Currency	Syrian Pound (SYP, £)
Airports	Aleppo International Airport (5 mi / 8 km).