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Sigiriya, known as the Lion Rock in Sri Lanka, is an ancient rock fortress and palace ruin that is surrounded by the remains of an extensive network of gardens, reservoirs, and other structures.
A popular historical and archaeological site, Sigiriya is famed for its ancient frescoes, which are reminiscent of the Ajanta Caves of India. The mirror wall, originally polished to a high sheen, once reflected the frescoes of the opposite wall and is now partially covered with verses scribbled by visitors from as long ago as the 8th century.
Start your visit early to avoid the heat and the crowds, and be sure to bring a good camera to capture the stunning frescoes and breathtaking views from the summit.
Consider hiring a local guide to fully appreciate the rich history and symbolism of Sigiriya, including insights into its architectural innovations and artistic significance.
How to best experience Sigiriya?
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Sigiriya: A Fortress in the Sky
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Time in Sigiriya | GMT+5:30 |
| Language spoken | Sinhalese |
| Population | 1,000 (based on local estimates) |
| Currency | Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR ₨) |
| Airports |
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Sigiriya, located in the Matale District of Sri Lanka, is one of the island’s most awe-inspiring archaeological sites. An ancient rock fortress, it towers approximately 200 meters above the surrounding plains. Sigiriya, often referred to as Lion Rock due to the giant lion paws guarding its entrance, offers a combination of natural beauty and historical significance that is possibly unmatched by any other site worldwide. Built in the 5th century by King Kashyapa, the site served as a royal palace and a fortress until his death.
After Kashyapa’s demise, Sigiriya became a Buddhist monastery until the 14th century, when it was abandoned. Today, the rock is famous for its sophisticated urban planning, remarkable frescoes, and the intriguing ‘Mirror Wall,’ which was once polished so thoroughly that the king could see his reflection. Archaeological work on the site began in the 19th century, with more extensive preservation and research carried out by the Sri Lankan government. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1982, further highlighting its importance.
The approach to the summit includes a series of striking galleries and staircases emerging from the mouth of a colossal lion constructed of bricks and plaster. This historical and architectural spectacle attracts thousands of tourists every year, ensuring its place as both a pivotal historical site and a crucial contributor to Sri Lanka’s tourism sector.
Where is Sigiriya?
Sigiriya is situated in the central Matale District of Sri Lanka, rising majestically above the central plains.
Distances:
| Route | Distance by car | Time by car |
|---|---|---|
| Colombo to Sigiriya | 100 miles / 161 km | 4 hours |
| Kandy to Sigiriya | 56 miles / 90 km | 2 hours |
| Anuradhapura to Sigiriya | 45 miles / 72 km | 1.5 hours |
What is Sigiriya famous for?
Sigiriya is renowned for its ancient rock fortress built by King Kashyapa, famous for its architectural and archaeological significance and its iconic frescoes and water gardens.
History
5th Century AD: The Royal Residence and Fortress
Sigiriya, located in the Matale District of Sri Lanka, boasts a rich history dating back to the 5th century AD when it served as a royal residence and fortress. Constructed under the reign of King Kashyapa (477-495 AD), the site was chosen for its strategic and defensive advantages, featuring a massive column of rock nearly 200 meters high. King Kashyapa, who seized the throne from his father by overthrowing his brother, transformed Sigiriya into an impregnable fortress and a palace of great beauty, adorned with frescoes, landscaped gardens, and the renowned mirror wall.
6th Century to 14th Century: Monastic Period
Following the death of King Kashyapa, Sigiriya gradually transformed from a royal palace into a Buddhist monastic complex, a transformation that lasted until the 14th century. During this period, various caves around the site were occupied by monks, who also maintained the frescoes and the complex’s infrastructure. The site’s significance as a religious center helped preserve its historical artifacts and structures, providing valuable insights into Sri Lanka’s rich cultural heritage.
16th Century to 19th Century: Obscurity and Rediscovery
After the monastic period, Sigiriya fell into a state of neglect and was largely forgotten until the British explorations of the 19th century. Rediscovered by the British archaeologist H.C.P. Bell in 1898, significant archaeological work began, uncovering the site’s intricate hydraulic systems, which were technologically advanced for their time, and further excavations of the frescoes and mirror wall.
20th Century to Present: Archaeological Development and World Heritage Site
In the 20th century, Sigiriya received considerable attention from archaeologists and the Sri Lankan government, leading to its declaration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. This recognition has since propelled the site to international fame, attracting scholars and tourists alike, drawn by its historical significance and remarkable architectural achievements. Today, ongoing preservation efforts ensure that Sigiriya continues to be not only a symbol of Sri Lanka’s historical and cultural heritage but also a testament to ancient urban planning and artistry.
Visit Sigiriya
What to see and do in Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
Visitors to Sigiriya, Sri Lanka, can explore a wealth of attractions and engage in various activities that highlight its historical and cultural significance:
- Ascend Sigiriya Rock: The main attraction, this ancient rock fortress offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes and a glimpse into the country’s past through its frescoes and ruins.
- Explore the Royal Gardens: These gardens are among the oldest landscaped gardens in the world, featuring water gardens, boulder gardens, and terraced gardens.
- Visit the Mirror Wall: Once polished to such an extent that the king could see himself as he walked alongside it, it’s now inscribed with verses dating back as far as the 8th century.
- Study the Frescoes: Partially preserved, these stunning frescoes depict celestial maidens and are an essential part of the site’s artistic heritage.
- Learn at the Sigiriya Museum: The museum offers insights into the site’s history, excavation details, and artifacts recovered from the site.
Events in Sigiriya
While Sigiriya itself does not host large-scale events, the nearby town frequently organizes cultural performances and traditional dance shows, particularly during the tourist season, providing visitors with a deeper understanding of local culture and traditions.
Best time to visit Sigiriya
The best time to visit Sigiriya is during the dry season, from January to April and from July to September, when the weather is more suitable for climbing the rock and enjoying the outdoor attractions without the interference of heavy rains.
Is Sigiriya worth visiting?
Sigiriya is unquestionably worth visiting for anyone interested in history, archaeology, and nature. This UNESCO World Heritage Site not only offers breathtaking views from its summit but also serves as a testament to ancient Lankan civilization’s architectural and artistic talents.
The well-preserved frescoes, sophisticated water gardens, and the historical significance of the site make it a must-visit destination, capturing the essence of ancient ingenuity and the cultural heritage of Sri Lanka.