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Anuradhapura, one of Sri Lanka’s most celebrated ancient cities, stands as a testament to the island’s rich cultural and architectural heritage. Once the heart of Sri Lankan civilization, the city is renowned for its well-preserved ruins of ancient Sri Lankan civilization, which include stupas, monastic buildings, and intricate irrigation systems, underscoring its sophisticated early engineering.
A prominent Buddhist center, Anuradhapura attracts scholars and devotees alike, drawn to its sacred Bodhi tree, grown from a sapling of the tree under which Buddha achieved enlightenment. This UNESCO World Heritage site offers a profound glimpse into the past glories of Sinhalese civilization.
Visit during the cooler months from May to September to avoid the tropical heat and experience the city’s archaeological sites in more comfortable weather conditions.
Allocate at least a full day to explore the expansive site comprehensively; hiring a knowledgeable local guide can greatly enrich your understanding of this historical marvel.
How to best experience Anuradhapura?
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Anuradhapura: A Glimpse into the Ancient Past
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Time in Anuradhapura | GMT+5:30 |
| Language spoken | Sinhala |
| Population | 50,595 (2021 Census Results) |
| Currency | Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR ₨) |
| Airports |
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Anuradhapura, one of Sri Lanka’s ancient capitals, is a city steeped in history and cultural richness. Serving as the capital of the Rajarata kingdom for centuries, Anuradhapura is home to some of the most well-preserved ruins of ancient Lankan civilization. Today, it’s recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and attracts scholars, historians, and tourists from around the globe.
The city’s vast network of monastic buildings, palatial structures, and stupas paints a picture of a vibrant past where architecture and spirituality intertwined. Among the most iconic sights is the sacred Sri Maha Bodhi Tree, grown from a cutting of the original bodhi tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment. It continues to be an enduring symbol of faith and resilience, drawing thousands of devotees annually.
Anuradhapura’s reservoirs, or ‘tanks’, such as Basawakkulama and Nuwara wewa, are feats of ancient engineering that illustrate the early Sinhalese kingdom’s mastery over irrigation. These expansive water bodies not only supported agriculture but also helped sustain entire communities, marking Anuradhapura as an advanced urban center in ancient times.
The cultural landscape of Anuradhapura is dotted with monumental stupas like Ruwanwelisaya and Thuparamaya, which showcase the intricate craftsmanship and artistic heritage of the Sinhalese people. These stupas, which house relics of the Buddha, remain places of veneration and are central to the religious life of the city.
Today, Anuradhapura is more than just a silent historical city; it’s a living museum where past traditions and modernity coexist. The city’s modern sections are bustling with activity and yet, only a few steps away, you can walk through quiet, ancient pathways that have been trodden upon for thousands of years.
Where is Anuradhapura?
Anuradhapura is located in the north-central part of Sri Lanka, amidst lush green forests and expansive plains.
Distances:
| Route | Distance by car | Time by car |
|---|---|---|
| Colombo to Anuradhapura | 128 mi (206 km) | Approx. 3 hours 30 mins |
| Kandy to Anuradhapura | 86 mi (138 km) | Approx. 2 hours 30 mins |
What is Anuradhapura famous for?
Anuradhapura is renowned for its well-preserved ruins of an ancient Sinhala civilization and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting thousands of visitors to its historical monuments and sacred sites.
History
Before 437 BCE: Early Settlements
The region that would become Anuradhapura was first settled by Anuradha, a follower of Prince Vijaya, the legendary founder of the Sinhalese race, who landed on the island in 543 BCE. Anuradha established a small village which, due to its strategic location along important trade routes, quickly flourished.
437 BCE – 1017 CE: Anuradhapura Kingdom
Anuradhapura was formally made the capital of Sri Lanka in the 4th century BCE by King Pandukabhaya. Under his rule, the city saw significant urban planning including the construction of reservoirs, public parks, and monumental stupas which encapsulated the city’s influence as a religious hub. Over the centuries, Anuradhapura became a stronghold of Theravāda Buddhism following the arrival of Mahinda, the son of Indian Emperor Ashoka, who brought the Buddhist relic during his visit. The Anuradhapura period was marked by significant architectural and irrigation achievements such as the construction of massive reservoirs like Basawakkulama and Tissa Wewa. The most iconic stupa, Ruwanwelisaya, was constructed during the reign of King Dutugemunu, symbolizing the zenith of the kingdom’s power and devotion to Buddhism. However, its prominence also attracted invasions, particularly from South Indian kingdoms, which led to periods of struggle and re-establishment of local power, culminating in the eventual fall of the city in 1017 CE to the Chola Empire from Tamil Nadu.
1017 CE – 1070 CE: Chola Occupation and Decline
During the Chola occupation, the city experienced a significant transformation in its administrative and religious life; Hinduism was introduced, leading to the construction of Hindu temples. Nevertheless, this period was marked by resistance and local uprisings as the Sinhalese tried to regain control.
1070 CE – Present: Post-Chola Era and Archaeological Revival
With the fall of Chola rule and the establishment of new Sinhalese kingdoms in other parts of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura was largely abandoned and fell into ruin, obscured by jungle growth, until the British rediscovered it in the 19th century. Significant archaeological efforts began in the early 20th century, restoring this historic city to its former glory, albeit as a much-visited but sparse residential area. Today, Anuradhapura is celebrated not only as an ancient city but also as a poignant reminder of Sri Lanka’s vibrant history, drawing scholars and tourists alike.
Visit Anuradhapura
What to see and do in Anuradhapura
Explore the rich tapestry of Anuradhapura’s ancient civilization. Key attractions include the sacred Sri Maha Bodhiya, the world’s oldest documented tree, grown from a cutting of the Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment.
Marvel at the majestic stupas: Ruwanwelisaya, Thuparamaya, and Jetavanaramaya, one of the tallest ancient structures in the world. The Archaeological Museum offers insights into the city’s vibrant past. The serene Tissa Wewa reservoir still serves as a testament to ancient hydrological expertise and offers tranquil walks.
Festive Heritage of Anuradhapura
Immerse yourself in Anuradhapura’s cultural legacy during the Poson Festival, celebrated in June, marking the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka. This event transforms the city into a vibrant hub of lights, colors, and spiritual activities, attracting pilgrims from across the island.
Best time to visit Anuradhapura
The ideal time to visit Anuradhapura is during the cooler months from November to March when the climate is more conducive for exploring the extensive outdoor ruins and landscapes.
Is Anuradhapura worth visiting?
Anuradhapura is unquestionably worth visiting for anyone interested in the depth of human history and the spiritual roots of cultures.
The city offers a profound glimpse into the architectural and spiritual endeavors of ancient civilizations, making it a pivotal stop in understanding Sri Lanka’s rich heritage.