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Spanning vast plains and rugged landscapes, Mongolia is a fusion of ancient traditions and burgeoning modernity. Situated between Russia and China, this landlocked nation retains the spirit of its nomadic past while embracing its future. From the vastness of the Gobi Desert to the busy streets of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia offers an unmatched blend of experiences, preserving millennia of history even as it rapidly evolves in the 21st century.
Consider visiting during the Naadam Festival in July to immerse yourself in traditional Mongolian sports and culture.
For a genuine Mongolian experience, opt to stay in a traditional “ger” tent, gaining insight into the country’s nomadic heritage.
How to best experience Mongolia?
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Mongolia: Land of the Eternal Blue Sky
| Capital | Ulaanbaatar |
| Time in Mongolia | GMT +8 |
| Language spoken | Mongolian |
| Population | 3.3 million (World Bank, 2021) |
| Religion | Buddhism (53%) Shamanism (2.9%) Christianity (2.2%) Islam (3%) Others (0.4%) Non-religious (38.6%) |
| Currency | Tögrög (₮, MNT) |
| Airports | Chinggis Khaan International Airport New Ulaanbaatar International Airport |
Mongolia, often referred to as the “Land of the Eternal Blue Sky”, is a realm that juxtaposes time. The vast landscapes, which stretch endlessly from the rugged Altai Mountains to the whispering sands of the Gobi Desert, tell tales of empires, nomads, and warriors. Historically significant, this landlocked country was once the epicenter of the Mongol Empire under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the world’s largest contiguous empire by land area. With a rich tapestry of history spanning thousands of years, Mongolia has witnessed the rise and fall of civilizations, each leaving its indelible mark on the culture, architecture, and spirit of its people. Today, despite modern influences, Mongolia remains deeply rooted in its nomadic traditions. Herders move with the seasons, pitching their iconic “gers” (yurts) in the vast steppes, while in the bustling capital city of Ulaanbaatar, modern skyscrapers juxtapose Buddhist monasteries. The country’s unique blend of ancient customs and contemporary evolution offers travelers an immersive experience into a world where time seems to flow differently, inviting them to discover the timeless beauty, resilience, and rich history of Mongolia.
Where is Mongolia located?
Mongolia is a landlocked nation in East and Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east, and west. It lies between the Siberian taiga and the Gobi Desert.
What is Mongolia famous for?
Mongolia is renowned for its vast steppes, nomadic heritage, the Gobi Desert, and its historical significance as the heartland of the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan.
History
The history of Mongolia dates back to ancient times. The area that is now Mongolia has been inhabited by various nomadic tribes for thousands of years. The first recorded history of Mongolia begins with the establishment of the Mongol Empire in 1206 by Genghis Khan. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors, the Mongol Empire became the largest empire in history, stretching from Europe to Asia.
(1206-1368) Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire was a vast empire that ruled over much of Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. During this period, the Mongols established a centralized government and implemented various reforms. The empire promoted trade and cultural exchange between different regions and played a significant role in the spread of ideas, technologies, and goods.
(1368-1634) Yuan Dynasty and Northern Yuan
After the decline of the Mongol Empire, Mongolia was ruled by the Yuan Dynasty, which was established by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. However, the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368, and Mongolia became divided into several different entities. The Northern Yuan, a Mongol khanate, ruled over Mongolia until 1634.
(1634-1911) Qing Dynasty and Autonomy
In the 17th century, Mongolia came under the control of the Qing Dynasty of China. The Qing Dynasty exerted its influence over Mongolia, but allowed the region a certain level of autonomy. During this period, Mongolia experienced both political and cultural changes. Mongolian Buddhism, which had already been established during the time of the Mongol Empire, flourished under Qing rule.
(1911-1921) Independence and Revolution
In 1911, Mongolia declared its independence from the Qing Dynasty following the Xinhai Revolution in China. However, political instability and conflicts with neighboring nations soon followed. In 1921, the Mongolian People’s Party, with the support of the Soviet Union, overthrew the existing government and established the Mongolian People’s Republic.
(1921-1990) Mongolian People’s Republic
Under the rule of the Mongolian People’s Party, Mongolia underwent significant political, social, and economic changes. The country adopted a socialist system and aligned itself with the Soviet Union. Mongolia experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization during this period, with a focus on heavy industry and collectivized agriculture.
(1990-present) Democratic Mongolia
In 1990, Mongolia transitioned to a multi-party democratic system following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The country adopted a new constitution and began implementing market-oriented reforms. Mongolia has since made progress in areas such as political stability, economic development, and human rights.
Visit Mongolia
What to see and do in Mongolia
Mongolia is a country rich in natural beauty and cultural heritage. Here are some of the top attractions and activities to experience in Mongolia:
- Explore the Gobi Desert: Visit the vast and awe-inspiring Gobi Desert, known for its stunning landscapes, sand dunes, and unique wildlife.
- Discover Mongolian Nomadic Culture: Immerse yourself in the traditional way of life of the Mongolian nomads, who still live in the countryside and practice their centuries-old traditions.
- Visit Ulaanbaatar: Explore the capital city of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, and discover its museums, monasteries, and vibrant markets.
- Horseback Riding and Trekking: Experience the thrill of horseback riding across the steppes and mountains of Mongolia, or embark on a trekking adventure in the stunning national parks.
- Visit Ancient Buddhist Monasteries: Discover the rich Buddhist heritage of Mongolia by visiting ancient monasteries such as Erdene Zuu Monastery and Amarbayasgalant Monastery.
Events in Mongolia
Mongolia hosts various cultural and traditional events throughout the year. Here are some notable events:
- Naadam Festival (July): The Naadam Festival is Mongolia’s biggest and most important traditional festival, featuring competitive sports such as horse racing, wrestling, and archery.
- Golden Eagle Festival (October): This festival showcases the ancient tradition of eagle hunting, where trained golden eagles are used for hunting prey in the mountains.
- Ice Festival (February): The Ice Festival takes place on the frozen Lake Khövsgöl and features ice sculptures, ice sports, and traditional Mongolian performances.
Best time to visit Mongolia
The best time to visit Mongolia is during the summer months of June to August. During this time, the weather is mild and pleasant, and the countryside is lush and green. This is also the time when events like the Naadam Festival take place, providing visitors with a unique cultural experience.
Is Mongolia worth visiting?
Mongolia is definitely worth visiting for those seeking adventure, stunning natural landscapes, and a glimpse into the nomadic way of life. The country offers vast and untouched wilderness, from the iconic Gobi Desert to the picturesque mountains and grasslands. Visitors can experience horseback riding, trekking, eagle hunting, and immerse themselves in the rich cultural heritage of Mongolia. However, it’s important to note that Mongolia is a remote and rugged destination with limited infrastructure, which may not be suited for all travelers. Additionally, some areas may have challenging weather conditions and a lack of modern amenities. Overall, if you are an adventurous traveler looking for a unique and off-the-beaten-path experience, Mongolia is definitely worth considering.