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Kazakhstan, a gem in Central Asia, beautifully marries the old with the new. Its landscapes, ranging from vast steppes to rugged mountains, tell tales of ancient nomadic tribes, while its cities, especially Almaty and Nur-Sultan, gleam with modernity. Visitors are often enthralled by its rich history evident in the remnants of the Silk Road, its diverse culture influenced by both East and West, and its warm hospitality, making Kazakhstan an intriguing and inviting destination for travelers from around the globe.
Consider timing your visit with the Nauryz festival in March, a celebration of spring’s arrival and cultural heritage.
For an immersive experience, stay in a traditional Kazakh yurt in the countryside, allowing you a glimpse into nomadic life.
How to best experience Kazakhstan?
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Kazakhstan: The Heart of Eurasia
| Capital | Nur-Sultan |
| Time in Kazakhstan | GMT+6 |
| Language spoken | Kazakh |
| Population | 18.5 million (Source: World Bank 2022) |
| Religion | Islam (70%) Christianity (26%) Other religions (4%) |
| Currency | Tenge (₸, KZT) |
| Airports | Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport Almaty International Airport Aktau International Airport Shymkent International Airport |
Kazakhstan, the world’s largest landlocked country, stretches across Central Asia, encapsulating a vast expanse of terrains, from high mountains and deserts to steppes. As the ninth-largest nation by land area, its diverse geography has played a pivotal role in shaping its history. This region, once traversed by the ancient Silk Road, witnessed the comings and goings of traders, conquerors, and explorers, each leaving their mark. Over time, nomadic tribes, Mongol hordes, and powerful khanates have all called this land home. Its rich tapestry of cultures, religions, and traditions is a testament to its historical significance as a crossroads of civilizations. Modern Kazakhstan stands as a bridge between its storied past and a future full of potential, reflecting both its Central Asian roots and contemporary aspirations.
Where is Kazakhstan located?
Kazakhstan is situated in Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan to the south, and the Caspian Sea to the west.
What is Kazakhstan famous for?
Kazakhstan is renowned for its diverse landscapes, rich nomadic heritage, and its significant role in the ancient Silk Road trade route. Additionally, the country boasts historical sites and modern cities like Almaty and Nur-Sultan.
History
Early Nomadic Tribes (500 BC – 400 AD)
Kazakhstan, one of the largest countries in the world, has a rich tapestry of history that spans thousands of years. Initially, the vast steppes of Kazakhstan were home to various nomadic tribes. Around 500 BC, the region witnessed the rise of the Massagetae and the Scythians, two powerful nomadic groups known for their horseback riding and warfare skills. These tribes were prominently mentioned by ancient historians like Herodotus.
The Turkic Era (400 AD – 800 AD)
As the centuries passed, the Turkic peoples began to dominate the Kazakh steppes, marking the onset of the Turkic era. These tribes would later play a significant role in shaping the cultural and ethnic makeup of Kazakhstan. The Göktürks and the Khazars are two of the prominent Turkic groups from this era, with the Göktürks establishing the first known Turkic state in the region.
The Mongol Invasion (1200s)
In the early 13th century, Kazakhstan faced a monumental change with the invasion of the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. The Mongols conquered vast territories, and their rule left an indelible mark on Kazakhstan, introducing new administrative systems, trade routes, and cultural exchanges. While the Mongol rule was fierce, it also allowed for a fusion of cultures and led to the eventual formation of the Mongol Golden Horde in the western part of the country.
Kazakh Khanate (1465-1840s)
Following the disintegration of the Mongol Golden Horde in the 15th century, the region witnessed the rise of the Kazakh Khanate. This was an important era as it marked the formation of the Kazakh identity. The Khanate was divided into three Jüz or hordes: Great, Middle, and Little. Over time, these Jüzs had varying degrees of autonomy and faced both internal strife and external threats, especially from the expanding Russian Empire to the north.
Russian Rule (1840s-1917)
By the mid-19th century, much of Kazakhstan was annexed by the Russian Empire. This period saw significant changes in the socioeconomic fabric of the country. While the Russian rule introduced modern farming techniques, infrastructure, and education, it also came with attempts to suppress local culture and traditions. The Kazakh way of life, deeply rooted in nomadism, was significantly altered, with many Kazakhs being forced to settle.
Soviet Era (1917-1991)
Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, Kazakhstan became a part of the Soviet Union. Under Soviet rule, Kazakhstan underwent industrialization and collectivization. While the country benefited from the construction of infrastructure and the establishment of industries, there were also dark chapters like the famine of the 1930s that took a heavy toll on the population. The Soviet era also saw significant migrations, with many ethnic Russians and Ukrainians moving to Kazakhstan. Despite the challenges, this period solidified Kazakhstan’s identity as a modern nation.
Independence and Contemporary Era (1991-Present)
In the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan declared its independence on December 16, 1991. Under the leadership of its first president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the country embarked on a journey of economic reforms, leveraging its vast mineral and oil reserves. Modern Kazakhstan has made strides in global diplomacy, economic development, and has embraced both its nomadic roots and its vision for a futuristic society. The capital, Astana (now renamed Nur-Sultan in honor of Nazarbayev), exemplifies this with its blend of futuristic architecture and nods to Kazakh history.
Visit Kazakhstan
What to see and do in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan offers a diverse range of attractions for visitors to explore. Here are some of the top things to see and do:
- Visit the stunning natural landscapes of Lake Balkhash, Charyn Canyon, and the Altai Mountains.
- Explore the vibrant city of Almaty, known for its modern architecture, parks, and bustling markets.
- Discover Kazakhstan’s rich history and culture at the National Museum of Kazakhstan and the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi.
- Experience traditional Kazakh hospitality by staying in a yurt and participating in nomadic activities.
- Attend the Astana International Festival of Contemporary Art or other cultural events to immerse yourself in the local arts scene.
Events in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan hosts a variety of events throughout the year, showcasing its cultural heritage and modern developments. The following are some of the notable events:
- Nauryz Meyrami (March): Celebrated during the spring equinox, this festival marks the traditional Kazakh New Year with music, dancing, and traditional games.
- Astana Day (July): Commemorating the founding of Kazakhstan’s capital city, Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana), this event features a parade, concerts, and fireworks.
- Almaty Marathon (April): Thousands of runners from around the world participate in this international marathon, taking in the scenic views of Almaty.
- Astana EXPO (June-September): This international exposition showcases innovative technologies, sustainable development, and cultural exchange.
Best time to visit Kazakhstan
The best time to visit Kazakhstan is during the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) seasons when the weather is mild and the landscapes are at their most beautiful. Summer (June to August) can be hot in certain regions, but it is a great time to explore the mountainous areas. Winter (November to March) can be extremely cold, but it offers unique opportunities for winter sports enthusiasts.
Is Kazakhstan worth visiting?
Yes, Kazakhstan is definitely worth visiting. It offers a unique blend of natural beauty, rich history, and vibrant culture. From its breathtaking landscapes to its modern cities, Kazakhstan has something to offer every kind of traveler. The country’s nomadic heritage, combined with its growing cosmopolitan atmosphere, provides a fascinating contrast that sets it apart from other destinations.
While there may be other destinations to consider, Kazakhstan offers a truly authentic and off-the-beaten-path experience that is sure to leave a lasting impression.
Common questions
What are the must-see attractions in Kazakhstan?
- Charyn Canyon: Experience the breathtaking beauty of this natural wonder, known as the “Grand Canyon of Kazakhstan.”
- Almaty: Explore the vibrant city of Almaty, famous for its stunning mountain backdrop, parks, and cultural landmarks.
- Astana: Visit the modern capital city, now known as Nur-Sultan, and discover its impressive architecture and futuristic skyline.
- Issyk-Kul Lake: Head to the neighboring country of Kyrgyzstan and enjoy the stunning landscapes of this picturesque alpine lake.
- Baikonur Cosmodrome: Embark on a journey to the world’s first and largest operational space launch facility, located in central Kazakhstan.
What is the best time to visit Kazakhstan?
- Spring (April-June): Mild temperatures and blooming landscapes make this a great time to explore the country.
- Summer (July-August): Enjoy warm weather and various outdoor activities, such as hiking and camping in the mountains.
- Autumn (September-October): Experience pleasant temperatures and witness the stunning colors of fall foliage.
However, do keep in mind that specific regions in Kazakhstan may have different climate patterns, so it’s important to research and plan accordingly.
What is the traditional food in Kazakhstan?
- Beshbarmak: A popular national dish consisting of boiled meat (usually lamb or beef) served over pasta-like dough.
- Kazy: Air-dried horse sausage, often served sliced with bread and mustard.
- Manty: Steamed dumplings filled with meat (typically lamb, beef, or chicken) and onions.
- Plov: A rice dish cooked with carrots, onions, and meat, usually served with pieces of meat on top.
- Laghman: A noodle dish typically prepared with stir-fried vegetables, meat, and spices.
These are just a few examples of the diverse and delicious Kazakh cuisine. Don’t forget to try the traditional drinks like kumis (fermented mare’s milk) and shubat (camel’s milk).
What are the popular outdoor activities in Kazakhstan?
- Hiking: Explore the beautiful mountain ranges, such as the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains, and embark on breathtaking hikes.
- Skiing: Visit the ski resorts near Almaty and enjoy skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports activities.
- Camping: Set up camp in the stunning natural settings of national parks like Kolsai Lakes or Altyn-Emel.
- Horseback riding: Experience traditional nomadic culture by going horseback riding across the vast plains of Kazakhstan.
- Fishing: Enjoy fishing in the country’s numerous rivers and lakes, known for their abundance of fish species.
These activities allow you to appreciate the natural beauty and serenity of Kazakhstan.
What are the popular festivals and cultural events in Kazakhstan?
- Nauryz Meyrami: Celebrated on March 22, Nauryz Meyrami is the traditional Kazakh New Year and a major spring festival.
- Astana EXPO: Held in the capital city, Astana, this international exhibition showcases innovations in technology, energy, and sustainability.
- Eurasia International Film Festival: A prominent film festival attracting filmmakers, actors, and cinema enthusiasts from around the world.
- Almaty Marathon: An annual marathon event that brings together runners of all abilities to explore the city’s beautiful streets.
- Qazaqstan Ulttanyq Talapkeri: Known as the “Kazakh Apple Festival,” this event celebrates the country’s diverse apple varieties.
These are just a few examples of the exciting festivals and events that take place throughout the year in Kazakhstan.
What are the best cities to visit in Kazakhstan?
- Almaty: The largest city in Kazakhstan, Almaty offers a mix of natural beauty, cultural landmarks, and a thriving nightlife.
- Astana (Nur-Sultan): The capital city showcases impressive modern architecture and serves as the political and economic center of the country.
- Shymkent: Known for its historical sites, beautiful parks, and lively bazaars, Shymkent is an emerging tourist destination.
- Karaganda: Explore the rich mining history, Soviet-era architecture, and nearby natural attractions like Karaganda’s coal mine.
- Atyrau: Located on the banks of the Caspian Sea, Atyrau is a major oil hub with a mix of modern and traditional elements.
Each city offers a unique experience and a glimpse into the rich culture and history of Kazakhstan.
What are the traditional crafts of Kazakhstan?
- Shyrdak: These intricately patterned felt rugs are made by hand and are a symbol of Kyrgyz and Kazakh nomadic traditions.
- Adorned Textiles: Traditional clothing and decorative textiles are often adorned with intricate embroidery and beadwork.
- Yurt Making: The nomadic tradition of building yurts, portable dwellings made of wood and felt, is still practiced in some regions.
- Kazakh Jewelry: Traditional Kazakh jewelry features intricate designs and is often made from silver or gold.
Exploring the traditional crafts of Kazakhstan offers a fascinating glimpse into the country’s cultural heritage and artistic traditions.
What are the best national parks in Kazakhstan?
- Kolsai Lakes National Park: Known for its stunning mountain landscapes and three interconnected alpine lakes.
- Charyn Canyon National Park: Explore the dramatic red rock formations and deep gorges of this natural wonder.
- Altyn-Emel National Park: Witness the unique sand dunes and the famous singing sand phenomenon.
- Karkaraly National Park: A haven for nature lovers with its beautiful lakes, ancient rock formations, and rich wildlife.
- Buiratau National Park: Home to remarkable landscapes, including salt flats, mountains, and the picturesque Lake Tengiz.
These national parks offer opportunities for hiking, camping, wildlife spotting, and immersing yourself in Kazakhstan’s natural beauty.
What are the historical sites in Kazakhstan?
- Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi: Located in Turkestan, this 14th-century mausoleum is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- Ancient Taraz: Discover the ruins of the ancient city of Taraz, once an important trading hub along the Silk Road.
- Otrar: Visit the archaeological site of Otrar, an ancient city that was an important center of trade and culture.
- Sauran: Explore the remains of the medieval city of Sauran, which was once a bustling trading center.
- Aktobe Necropolis: Discover the ancient burial mounds at the Aktobe Necropolis, dating back to the Bronze Age.
These historical sites offer a glimpse into Kazakhstan’s fascinating past and its significance along the ancient Silk Road.
What are the traditional music and dances of Kazakhstan?
- Kobyz: The kobyz is a traditional string instrument that plays a prominent role in Kazakh music.
- Dombra: The dombra is another traditional string instrument and is considered the national instrument of Kazakhstan.
- Karazhyra: A traditional circle dance often performed at weddings, festivals, and celebrations.
- Adai: This dance is characterized by its acrobatic movements performed by male dancers wearing long coats.
- Kara Jorga: A traditional dance performed with a whip that depicts the skill and agility of Kazakh riders.
These music and dance forms are an integral part of Kazakh culture and are often performed at festivals and cultural events.
How do I get a visa for Kazakhstan?
- Check the visa requirements: Visit the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan to determine the visa requirements for your country.
- Complete the visa application form: Fill out the online visa application form with accurate information.
- Gather the required documents: Collect the necessary documents, such as a passport with at least six months validity, a passport-sized photo, and an invitation letter if applicable.
- Submit the application: Submit the completed application form and supporting documents to the nearest Kazakh embassy or consulate.
- Pay the visa fee: Pay the required visa fee, which may vary depending on your nationality and the type of visa you are applying for.
- Wait for processing: The visa processing time may vary, so it’s advisable to apply well in advance of your intended travel date.
- Collect your visa: Once your visa application is approved, collect your visa from the embassy or consulate.
It’s important to note that the visa requirements and application process may vary based on your nationality and the purpose of your visit. It is recommended to consult the official embassy or consulate of Kazakhstan for the most up-to-date and accurate information.