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Alexandria, Egypt’s venerable Mediterranean port city, is steeped in history and culture. Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, it was once considered a beacon of scholarship and lighthouse to the world. Today, Alexandria fuses its illustrious past with a vibrant present, offering visitors archaeological treasures, sweeping sea views, and bustling urban life. Its legendary library has been reborn into the state-of-the-art Bibliotheca Alexandrina, honoring the ancient center of learning and attracting scholars and tourists alike.
For an authentic Alexandria experience, start your visit at the revitalized Bibliotheca Alexandrina, a modern homage to the ancient world, then wander through the city’s traditional markets.
Consider visiting Alexandria during spring or late fall to enjoy pleasant weather, fewer crowds, and the opportunity to engage more deeply with the city’s rich history and local culture.
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Top things to do & see in Alexandria
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Alexandria: The Pearl of the Mediterranean
| Country | Egypt |
| Time in Alexandria | GMT+2 |
| Language spoken | Arabic |
| Population | 5,200,000 (Source: CAPMAS, 2023) |
| Currency | Egyptian Pound (EGP, £) |
| Airports |
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Alexandria, one of the oldest and most famous cities in the world, carries a history that remains palpable in the air and architecture across its landscape. Located in Egypt along the Mediterranean coast, Alexandria is more than just a city; it has been the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, it was once the seat of learning and power in the ancient world. Home to the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the great Library of Alexandria, the city was a beacon of knowledge and culture.
Today, Alexandria offers a rich tapestry of history and modernity, with its ancient monuments and vibrant contemporary cultural scene. Visitors can explore underwater ruins, Roman catacombs, royal palaces, and more, all evidence of the city’s layered history. The corniche, a scenic waterfront promenade, offers stunning views of the Mediterranean and is a popular spot for both tourists and locals. The city’s culinary offerings are as diverse as its culture, featuring everything from traditional Egyptian dishes to international cuisine.
Moreover, Alexandria remains a vital economic hub in Egypt due to its strategic location with the Port of Alexandria being one of the busiest in the Mediterranean. The city’s economy is also supported by its industrial sector, particularly the petroleum industry and the recent developments in information technology and telecommunications.
As the second-largest city in Egypt, Alexandria continues to balance its rich, storied past with the demands and excitement of the 21st century. Whether it’s exploring ancient ruins or enjoying the city’s bustling arts scene, Alexandria offers a unique glimpse into the layers that form Egypt’s cultural identity.
Where is Alexandria?
Alexandria is strategically located along the northern coast of Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea, positioning it perfectly as a cultural and trading gateway.
Distances:
| Route | Distance by car | Time by car |
|---|---|---|
| Cairo to Alexandria | 136 miles (219 km) | Approx. 2.5 hours |
| Giza to Alexandria | 126 miles (203 km) | Approx. 2 hours 20 minutes |
| Port Said to Alexandria | 144 miles (232 km) | Approx. 3 hours |
What is Alexandria famous for?
Alexandria is famous for its rich history as a center of Hellenistic civilization, hosting monumental sites like the ancient Lighthouse and the historic Library of Alexandria.
History
Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, Alexandria was designed to supersede Naucratis as a Hellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile valley. An essential part of its development was its famous Library, which was, at one time, the largest library in the ancient world, containing upwards of 700,000 scrolls. The exact layout of the original library is not known, but its legacy is undeniable, influential in preserving vast amounts of Hellenistic literature. Alexandria was also the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and a great center of learning and philosophy, home to scholars such as Hypatia and Herophilos.
331 BC – AD 641: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods
Famed for being one of the most significant cultural hubs of the ancient world, Alexandria’s Hellenistic period thrived under the Ptolemaic dynasty, following its foundation by Alexander the Great. This era saw significant advancements in arts, science, and literature, epitomized by the establishment of the Library of Alexandria. Under Roman rule, Alexandria was notable for its resistance and upheavals, notably during Julius Caesar’s interventions in the city’s affairs, which culminated in the famous war involving Cleopatra VII.
AD 641-1517: Islamic Rule
The Islamic conquest in AD 641 marked the beginning of numerous changes in Alexandria. The city fell under the jurisdiction of the Rashidun Caliphate, succeeded by the Arab dynasties including the Fatimids, Mamluks, and Ottomans over the centuries. Despite natural disasters like earthquakes and tidal waves that significantly altered its ancient architecture, Alexandria remained an important trading port, bridging the East and West through its strategic Mediterranean location.
1517-1922: Ottoman Rule to British Occupation
Under the Ottomans, Alexandria saw an economic decline, only to be revitalized during the French campaign in Egypt and later British control in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This era reestablished Alexandria as an international shipping port and cultural hub, especially with the influx of foreigners, making the city a melting pot of various cultures, religions, and languages.
1922-Present: Modern Era
The modern era of Alexandria has witnessed extensive development, especially post-Egyptian independence. Despite the nationalization policies in the 1950s and 1960s that caused many foreign businesses and communities to exit, Alexandria has managed to preserve its historical legacy while continuing to thrive as a major economic hub in Egypt, boasting thriving industries and tourism sectors.
Visit Alexandria
What to see and do in Alexandria
Alexandria offers a rich tapestry of history and modernity for travelers. Key attractions include:
- The Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, a fascinating glimpse into Greco-Roman burial practices.
- The imposing Citadel of Qaitbay, a defensive fortress established in 1477 on the Mediterranean seafront.
- Alexandria National Museum, which houses artifacts chronicling the city’s extensive history.
- The modern Bibliotheca Alexandrina, inspired by the original Great Library of Alexandria and an emblem of cultural renaissance.
- The picturesque seafront Corniche, perfect for leisurely strolls and soaking in the vibrant local atmosphere.
Events and Festivals
Alexandria is host to an array of events throughout the year including the Alexandria International Film Festival, held annually in the autumn, which celebrates both regional and international cinema. Moreover, the Alexandria Mediterranean Countries Film Festival showcases films from Mediterranean nations, providing insights into diverse cultures and storytelling methodologies.
Best time to visit Alexandria
The best time to visit Alexandria is between March and May or from September to November. During these periods, the weather is pleasantly warm, ideal for exploring the city’s archaeological sites and enjoying its beautiful beaches.
Is Alexandria worth visiting?
Alexandria is unquestionably worth a visit. Brimming with historical treasures, and a unique cultural heritage that blends the mystique of its ancient past with the vibrancy of modern life, this coastal city offers something for every traveler. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a lover of the arts, or simply in search of a beautiful seaside escape, Alexandria promises a memorable experience.