Myanmar: land of golden pagodas
| Capital |
Naypyidaw |
| Time in Myanmar |
GMT +6:30 |
| Language spoken |
Burmese |
| Population |
54.05 million (source: World Bank, 2019) |
| Religion |
Buddhism (87.9%)
Christianity (6.2%)
Islam (4.3%)
Hinduism (0.5%)
Other (1.1%) |
| Currency |
Myanmar Kyat (MMK, MMK) |
| Airports |
Yangon International Airport
Mandalay International Airport
Naypyidaw International Airport |
Historically known as Burma, Myanmar has always been a keystone in the arch of Southeast Asia’s intricate past. Positioned strategically amidst a host of neighboring nations, it has been a melting pot for a confluence of civilizations for well over a millennium.
The chronicles of Myanmar are rich and varied, recounting tales of bygone empires like that of Bagan, and the influence of dynasties such as the Shan and Konbaung. These epochs have bequeathed the nation with a legacy that manifests in grand pagodas, temples, and palatial relics, each narrating a unique chapter of Myanmar’s history.
However, the scars of British colonialism in the 19th and 20th centuries are evident in its socio-political fabric. These imperialistic imprints were juxtaposed against Myanmar’s deep-rooted Buddhist ethos, interlaced with regional ethnic customs, creating a unique mosaic of traditions. In modern times, the nation is on a quest; a journey of renaissance and rediscovery, striving to amalgamate its glorious past with the promises and challenges of the contemporary world.
From the pulsating alleys of Yangon, laden with remnants of colonial architecture, to the eternal temple plains of Bagan and the tranquil ambience of Inle Lake, Myanmar presents a panorama of historical grandeur, cultural depth, and raw natural beauty.
Where is Myanmar located?
Nestled in Southeast Asia, Myanmar is bordered by five countries: China to the northeast, Laos to the east, Thailand to the south, Bangladesh to the northwest, and India to the north. The Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea grace its western shores, adding to its geographic allure.
What is Myanmar famous for?
Myanmar is globally celebrated for its ancient temples, notably the sprawling Bagan plains home to over 2,000 temples. The iconic Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, profound Buddhist traditions, artisanal crafts, and the leg-rowing fishermen of Inle Lake further solidify its fame.
History
Early Settlements to 9th Century: The Pyu City-States
The earliest civilizations in Myanmar were the Pyu city-states, flourishing in the Irrawaddy Valley from as early as 200 BCE. They established significant urban centers, including Sri Ksetra, Beikthano, and Hanlin, showcasing advanced city planning, art, and Buddhist practices. These city-states laid the foundations for what would later become the Burmese culture.
9th Century – 13th Century: Bagan Dynasty and the Emergence of the Burmese Identity
The Bagan Empire emerged around the 9th century, unifying the regions that constitute modern-day Myanmar. Under the leadership of King Anawrahta, Theravada Buddhism became the dominant religion, which greatly influenced the Burmese culture and identity. This period saw the construction of the iconic Bagan temples, a testament to the empire’s religious and architectural prowess.
13th Century – 16th Century: Fragmentation and the Rise of the Taungoo Dynasty
After the decline of the Bagan Empire in the late 13th century, Myanmar witnessed a phase of fragmentation. However, in the mid-16th century, the Taungoo Dynasty emerged under the leadership of King Tabinshwehti, unifying the regions once again. The dynasty’s peak came under King Bayinnaung, who expanded the kingdom to make it one of the largest empires in the history of Southeast Asia.
19th Century: British Colonization
The 19th century was a pivotal period in Myanmar’s history, marked by the country’s gradual annexation by the British Empire. After three Anglo-Burmese wars in 1824, 1852, and 1885, Myanmar became a province of British India. British rule introduced economic, administrative, and educational reforms but also led to significant social upheaval and a decline in the status of the Burmese monarchy.
20th Century: Road to Independence and Military Rule
The 20th century was marked by Myanmar’s struggle for independence, led by figures like Aung San. In 1948, Myanmar gained its independence from British rule. However, the initial years were marred by internal conflicts and insurgencies. By 1962, a military coup led by General Ne Win established a socialist military regime that lasted for several decades. This period was characterized by political repression, economic isolation, and civil unrest.
21st Century: Democratic Aspirations and Challenges
The dawn of the 21st century saw Myanmar embarking on a journey towards democratization. The 2010 general elections led to the establishment of a civilian government, and the 2015 elections saw the National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi, coming to power. These developments signaled hope for many. However, challenges persist, notably issues concerning the Rohingya community and ongoing ethnic tensions. Myanmar’s path forward is a complex blend of its rich historical legacy and the aspirations of its diverse populace.
Visit Myanmar
What to see and do in Myanmar
Myanmar is a country rich in cultural heritage and natural beauty. Here are some of the must-see attractions and activities in Myanmar:
- Explore the temples of Bagan: Bagan is home to over 2,000 ancient temples and pagodas, making it a UNESCO World Heritage site. Rent a bike or hot air balloon to witness the breathtaking sunrise and sunset over the temple-studded plains.
- Visit the Shwedagon Pagoda: Located in Yangon, the Shwedagon Pagoda is one of Myanmar’s most sacred Buddhist sites. Admire the golden stupa and intricate architecture, and experience the spirituality and tranquility of the place.
- Take a boat trip on Inle Lake: Inle Lake is a picturesque freshwater lake known for its floating gardens, stilt-house villages, and leg-rowing fishermen. Explore the lake by boat, visit local markets, and witness the unique way of life of the Intha people.
- Hike to Mount Victoria: Located in Chin State, Mount Victoria offers stunning views of the surrounding mountain ranges and diverse flora and fauna. Trek through remote villages and immerse yourself in the traditional Chin culture.
- Discover Mandalay: Visit the ancient royal capital of Mandalay and explore its historic sites, including the Mandalay Palace, Mahamuni Pagoda, and U Bein Bridge, the world’s longest teakwood bridge.
Events in Myanmar
Myanmar hosts various cultural and religious events throughout the year. Some of the notable events include:
- Thingyan Water Festival (April): Also known as the Myanmar New Year, Thingyan is a water festival where people engage in friendly water fights to wash away the previous year’s bad luck and welcome the new year with a fresh start. It is a vibrant and joyful celebration.
- Shwezigon Pagoda Festival (November-December): This festival takes place in Bagan and celebrates the Shwezigon Pagoda. Pilgrims gather to pay their respects, and the festival features traditional music and dance performances.
- Tazaungdaing Festival (November): Known as the Festival of Lights, Tazaungdaing marks the end of the rainy season. People light up their homes and streets with candles and lanterns, and hot air balloons are released into the night sky.
Best time to visit Myanmar
The best time to visit Myanmar is during the cool and dry season, which spans from November to February. During this time, the weather is pleasant with clear skies and comfortable temperatures, making it ideal for exploring the temples of Bagan and other outdoor activities.
However, it’s important to note that Myanmar experiences regional variations in climate, so it’s advisable to check the specific weather conditions of your desired destinations within the country.
Is Myanmar worth visiting?
Myanmar is definitely worth visiting for those seeking a unique and culturally enriching experience. The country offers a wealth of historical and architectural wonders, breathtaking landscapes, and warm hospitality.
However, it’s important to be aware of the current political and social situation in Myanmar and to approach your visit with sensitivity and respect. It’s recommended to research and follow any travel advisories issued by your home country.
Overall, Myanmar’s rich history, vibrant culture, and natural beauty make it a compelling destination for adventurous travelers looking to explore a less-trodden path.
Restricted areas
Myanmar is a beautiful country, but certain regions require special permission for foreign tourists due to security concerns and regional conflicts. These restricted areas often lie in remote regions or close to sensitive border zones. While many popular tourist destinations are open, some areas in the north, east, and south of the country have limitations. This guide will help you understand which regions are open for exploration and where special permissions or permits are required.
Northern Myanmar
- Kachin State:
- Accessible: Myitkyina, Waingmaw.
- Restricted: Putao, Machanbaw, Mansi, Momauk, Sumprabum, Phakant, Tanaing, Ingyanyan, Naungmoon, Chiphwe, Hsotlaw.
Eastern Myanmar (Bordering Thailand)
- Kayin State:
- Accessible: Hpa-An, Kawkareik, Hlaingbwe, Thandaunggyi.
- Restricted: Kyarinseikkyi, Payarthonezu, Pharpon, Kamamaung.
- Mon State:
- Accessible: Mawlamyine, Bilin, Thaton, Ye.
- Restricted: Kyaikemaraw, Thanbyuzayat.
Southern Myanmar (Coastal Areas)
- Tanintharyi Region:
- Accessible: Dawei, Myeik, Kawthoung.
- Restricted: Bokepyin, Pyigyimandaing, Karathuri, Kyunsu.
Central Myanmar
- Sagaing Division:
- Accessible: Monywa.
- Restricted: Nanyun.
Eastern Myanmar (Shan State)
- Accessible: Inle Lake, Taunggyi, Hsipaw, Lashio, Yatsauk, Loilin, Panglong.
- Restricted: Kehsi, Mongkai, Mineshu, Minepan, Kunhing, Lechar, Maukme, Minelar (Special Region 4), Pansan (Special Region 2).
While this guide provides an overview of Myanmar’s restricted areas, the status of these regions can change. It’s important to check for updated information before planning your trip, especially if you’re visiting remote or border areas.
For the latest details on restricted zones and travel permissions, visit the official Myanmar Ministry of Immigration and Population website.
Common questions
What are the must-visit places in Myanmar?
If you are planning a visit to Myanmar, make sure to include these must-visit places in your itinerary: 1. Bagan: Known for its ancient temples and panoramic views, Bagan is a must-visit destination for history and architecture enthusiasts. 2. Inle Lake: Explore the stunning Inle Lake, famous for its floating gardens, traditional villages, and unique fishing techniques. 3. Mandalay: Visit Mandalay to experience the cultural and spiritual heart of Myanmar, home to beautiful temples, monasteries, and the iconic Mandalay Hill. 4. Yangon: Discover the vibrant city of Yangon, where you can explore the historic Shwedagon Pagoda, stroll along colonial-era streets, and visit bustling markets. 5. Golden Rock: Pay a visit to the Golden Rock, a gravity-defying pagoda perched on top of a boulder, believed to be held in place by a strand of Buddha’s hair. 6. Hpa-An: Explore the natural beauty of Hpa-An, known for its limestone caves, scenic landscapes, and cultural heritage. 7. Ngapali Beach: Relax on the pristine shores of Ngapali Beach, offering crystal-clear waters, palm-lined beaches, and luxury resorts. 8. Mrauk U: Journey to Mrauk U, an ancient royal capital, and discover its archaeological treasures, including impressive temple ruins and unique pagodas. 9. Mount Popa: Climb to the summit of Mount Popa, a volcanic peak with panoramic views, and visit the sacred stupas and monasteries built on its slopes. 10. Mount Zwekabin: Trek to the top of Mount Zwekabin in Hpa-An and enjoy breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside. 11. Pyin Oo Lwin: Escape the heat of the plains and visit Pyin Oo Lwin, known for its colonial architecture, botanical gardens, and waterfalls. 12. Kalaw: Embark on a trekking adventure from Kalaw to Inle Lake, passing through scenic landscapes, hill tribe villages, and tea plantations. These are just a few of the many amazing places to visit in Myanmar!
What is the best time to visit Myanmar?
The best time to visit Myanmar is during the cool and dry season, which typically runs from November to February. During this time, temperatures are pleasant, and rainfall is minimal, making it ideal for exploring the country’s attractions. The cool season also coincides with important festivals such as the Taunggyi Tazaungdaing Festival and the Tazaungmon Festival, where you can witness traditional celebrations and cultural events. However, Myanmar has different regions and climates. If you plan to visit areas like Mandalay, Bagan, and Yangon, the cool season is ideal. For trekking in the mountains of northern Myanmar or exploring the southern coastal areas, the dry season is recommended. Avoid visiting during the hot season (March to May) when temperatures can soar, and the monsoon season (June to October) when heavy rainfall can disrupt travel plans. Ultimately, the best time to visit Myanmar depends on your preferences and the specific regions you plan to explore.
What is the local cuisine like in Myanmar?
Myanmar offers a diverse culinary experience with a blend of traditional flavors and regional specialties. Here are some iconic dishes to try when in Myanmar: 1. Mohinga: Considered Myanmar’s national dish, Mohinga is a savory fish-based soup traditionally eaten for breakfast. It typically includes rice noodles, fish broth, and various accompaniments like fish cake, crispy fritters, and hard-boiled eggs. 2. Tea Leaf Salad (Laphet Thoke): Made from fermented tea leaves mixed with roasted peanuts, fried garlic, sesame seeds, and various other ingredients, this unique dish offers a mix of crunchy textures and complex flavors. 3. Shan Noodles: Originating from the Shan State, these noodles are often served with a flavorful meat or vegetarian broth, topped with slices of pork or chicken, and accompanied by pickled vegetables and deep-fried tofu. 4. Burmese Curry: Myanmar’s curries are rich in flavor and can be made with various proteins such as chicken, pork, beef, or seafood. They are typically served with rice and a variety of side dishes. 5. Ohn No Khao Swè: This coconut-based noodle soup is popular in Myanmar. It features egg noodles in a thick curry broth, topped with crispy noodles, chicken, or pork, and garnished with various condiments. These are just a few examples of the delicious Myanmar cuisine. Don’t miss the opportunity to taste these local delicacies during your visit!
What are the transportation options in Myanmar?
Myanmar offers various transportation options for getting around the country: 1. Domestic Flights: If you are traveling long distances, domestic flights are convenient and time-saving. Airlines such as Myanmar National Airlines, Air Mandalay, and Golden Myanmar Airlines operate domestic routes. 2. Buses: Buses are the most common mode of transportation for both short and long distances within Myanmar. They are affordable and available in different classes, ranging from basic to VIP. 3. Trains: Myanmar’s train network connects major cities and scenic destinations. Taking a train allows you to experience the country’s landscapes and interact with locals. However, train travel is generally slower compared to buses. 4. Taxis and Tuk-tuks: Taxis and tuk-tuks are readily available in urban areas. Negotiate the price before starting the journey or use a metered taxi where available. 5. Boats: In areas with rivers and lakes, boats are often used for transportation. For example, inle Lake and the Irrawaddy River offer scenic boat rides. 6. Motorbikes and Bicycle Rentals: In some areas, you can rent motorbikes or bicycles to explore independently. Make sure to familiarize yourself with local traffic rules and road conditions. It’s important to research and plan your transportation options based on your itinerary and preferences. Note that road conditions may vary in different parts of the country.
What should I pack for my trip to Myanmar?
When packing for your trip to Myanmar, consider the following essential items: 1. Lightweight and breathable clothing: Due to Myanmar’s warm climate, pack lightweight and breathable clothing such as cotton shirts, shorts, dresses, and skirts. However, it’s important to dress modestly and cover your shoulders and knees when visiting religious sites. 2. Comfortable walking shoes: As you explore various cities and attractions, comfortable walking shoes are essential. Opt for closed-toe shoes to protect your feet from dust and uneven surfaces. 3. Sun protection: Myanmar can get hot, so pack sunscreen, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses to protect yourself from the sun’s rays. 4. Insect repellent: Mosquitoes can be prevalent, especially in rural areas or during the rainy season. Pack insect repellent to avoid mosquito bites and potential diseases. 5. Rain gear: If you’re visiting Myanmar during the rainy season, pack a lightweight rain jacket or umbrella to stay dry during sudden downpours. 6. Power adapters: Myanmar uses the Type C, D, F, and G plug types. It’s advisable to pack a universal adapter if your devices have different plug types. Remember to pack any necessary medications, toiletries, and travel documents such as passports and visas. Consider the specific activities and locations you plan to visit when packing to ensure you have everything you need.
What are the visa requirements for visiting Myanmar?
Most visitors to Myanmar require a visa to enter the country. Here are the key details regarding visa requirements: 1. Tourist Visa: For most travelers, the Tourist Visa (also known as the eVisa) is the easiest way to enter Myanmar. It allows a stay of up to 28 days and is valid for tourism and leisure purposes only. To obtain a Tourist Visa, you need to apply online through the official Myanmar eVisa website or through authorized travel agencies. 2. Visa on Arrival: Some nationalities are eligible for a Visa on Arrival if arriving by air at specific international airports in Myanmar. However, it is recommended to apply for a Tourist Visa in advance to avoid any potential issues upon arrival. 3. Business Visa: If you are traveling to Myanmar for business purposes, you will need to apply for a Business Visa. This visa allows for longer stays and additional activities related to business. 4. Work Visa: If you plan to work in Myanmar, you will need a Work Visa. This requires sponsorship from a local employer or company and involves a more detailed application process. It’s recommended to consult with the nearest Myanmar embassy or consulate for specific work visa requirements. 5. Other Visa Types: Myanmar offers various visa types for specific purposes such as education, research, religious work, and long-term stays. Each visa type has its own requirements and application process. It’s important to check the latest visa requirements before your trip and apply well in advance to allow for any processing time. Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your intended departure date from Myanmar.
What is the currency in Myanmar? Can I use credit cards?
The currency in Myanmar is the Burmese Kyat (MMK). While credit cards are increasingly accepted in major hotels, restaurants, and international establishments, it’s still recommended to carry cash in small denominations, especially when visiting more remote areas. ATMs are widely available in cities and tourist areas, allowing you to withdraw local currency. It’s advisable to carry some US dollars in cash (preferably in newer, unmarked, and undamaged bills) as they can be easily exchanged for Kyat at authorized money exchange counters or banks. However, keep in mind that USD bills must be in pristine condition, as damaged or older bills may not be accepted. While travelers’ checks were once a common form of travel currency, they are no longer widely accepted or exchanged in Myanmar. It’s best to rely on a combination of cash and credit cards or debit cards for your financial needs during your visit.
What are the popular souvenirs to buy in Myanmar?
When visiting Myanmar, you’ll find a wide range of unique souvenirs and handicrafts to take home as a reminder of your trip. Some popular souvenirs to consider include: 1. Lacquerware: Myanmar is famous for its exquisite lacquerware, which includes bowls, plates, trays, and decorative items. These pieces are intricately crafted and often feature traditional designs and motifs. 2. Longyi: The traditional clothing worn by both men and women in Myanmar is called a longyi. Made of silk or cotton, longyis come in a variety of colors and patterns and make for a vibrant and practical souvenir. 3. Wood carvings: Myanmar is known for its skilled wood carving craftsmanship. You can find intricate wood carvings that depict traditional designs, statues of Buddha, or mythical creatures. 4. Gemstones and jewelry: Myanmar has a wealth of precious gemstones, including jade, rubies, and sapphires. Consider purchasing jewelry or loose gemstones from reputable dealers. 5. Textiles and textiles: Myanmar produces beautiful and intricate textiles, including silk and cotton fabrics. Look for traditional handwoven items such as scarves, shawls, and blankets. 6. Marionettes: Traditional Burmese puppetry is a unique art form. You can find beautifully crafted marionettes depicting characters from Burmese folklore and mythology. 7. Thanaka: Thanaka is a traditional cosmetic paste made from ground bark. It is applied to the face in elaborate designs and is believed to have skincare benefits. Consider buying thanaka for personal use or as a gift. These are just a few examples of the souvenirs you can find in Myanmar. Remember to shop from reputable vendors and support local artisans.
What are some unique cultural practices in Myanmar?
Myanmar is a country with rich cultural traditions and practices. Here are some unique aspects of Myanmar’s culture: 1. Buddhism: Buddhism is the predominant religion in Myanmar, and it influences many aspects of daily life. Monks play a significant role in society, and you may come across numerous temples, pagodas, and monasteries while exploring the country. 2. Thanaka: Thanaka is a traditional paste made from ground bark that women and children apply to their faces. Apart from its cosmetic use, thanaka acts as a natural sunblock and moisturizer. 3. Novitiation Ceremony: The novitiation ceremony is an important event in Myanmar. Young boys undergo this ceremony to become novice monks. It involves a procession, where the boy is dressed in traditional attire and offers alms to the community. 4. Nat Worship: Nat worship is a form of spirit worship that predates Buddhism in Myanmar. Nats are believed to be supernatural beings that can bring good fortune or create mischief. Many people still practice nat worship alongside Buddhism. 5. Chinlone: Chinlone is a traditional sport in Myanmar that combines elements of football, dance, and acrobatics. It is played with a cane ball and is both a competitive sport and a form of entertainment. 6. Traditional Festivals: Myanmar has numerous vibrant festivals celebrated throughout the year. The Thingyan Water Festival, held in April, involves water throwing and symbolizes the washing away of sins. The Tazaungdaing Festival showcases illuminated hot air balloons and is celebrated with music, dance, and food. These cultural practices contribute to the unique identity of Myanmar and provide visitors with a chance to experience the country’s rich heritage.
What are the typical customs and etiquettes in Myanmar?
Myanmar has its own set of customs and etiquettes that are important to be aware of when visiting the country. Here are some key customs: 1. Greeting: It is customary to greet people with a smile and a slight bow. The traditional greeting is “Mingalabar,” which means “auspiciousness to you.” 2. Shoes: When entering temples, pagodas, or someone’s home, it is customary to remove your shoes. Follow the lead of the locals and observe if there is a designated area for footwear. 3. Dress appropriately: When visiting religious sites, it is important to dress modestly and respectfully. Both men and women should cover their shoulders and knees. Avoid wearing revealing or excessively casual clothing in public places. 4. Respect for Buddha: Buddha is highly revered in Myanmar, so always show respect when encountering Buddha images or statues. Refrain from touching or climbing on statues and avoid positioning yourself higher than Buddha images when taking photos. 5. Eating with right hand: In Myanmar, it is customary to eat with your right hand. However, if you are more comfortable using utensils, it is generally acceptable. 6. Giving and receiving: When giving or receiving items, use both hands as a sign of respect. This gesture is observed when handing over money, gifts, or objects to others. 7. Photography: Always ask for permission before taking photos of individuals, especially monks and religious ceremonies. In some areas, photography may be restricted or prohibited in certain locations, so it is important to respect any signage or guidelines. By respecting the customs and etiquettes of Myanmar, you will show appreciation for the local culture and foster positive interactions with the people you meet.
