Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, stands as a vibrant blend of ancient tradition and modernity. Nestled in a valley and surrounded by four sacred mountains, it serves as the cultural, industrial, and financial heart of the country. This city offers a unique glimpse into Mongolia’s rich heritage through its historic monasteries and museums while also displaying rapid growth and development. Despite its cold climate, Ulaanbaatar attracts tourists with its lively festivals and dynamic urban atmosphere. Whether it’s exploring the historic Gandan Monastery or experiencing the bustling Naran Tuul Market, Ulaanbaatar offers an intriguing mix of old and new.

When visiting Ulaanbaatar, dress warmly regardless of the season, as temperatures can remain brisk. Also, try to catch the Naadam Festival, showcasing traditional Mongolian sports and culture.

Plan your trip outside of the harsh winter months for a more comfortable exploration of the city’s outdoor attractions like the Bogd Khan Palace Museum.

How to best experience Ulaanbaatar?

Discover tickets, tours, and activities for Ulaanbaatar through these providers:

GetYourGuide tickets for mongolia ulaanbaatar

Tickets available

Direct Search

Direct Search

Musement tickets for mongolia ulaanbaatar

Direct Search

Headout tickets for mongolia ulaanbaatar

Direct Search

Trip.com tickets for mongolia ulaanbaatar

Direct Search

Direct Search

Ulaanbaatar: Gateway to the Mongolian Heartland

Country	Mongolia
Time in Ulaanbaatar	GMT+8
Language spoken	Mongolian
Population	1,553,971 (Data source: National Statistics Office of Mongolia, 2022)
Currency	Mongolian Tögrög (Symbol: ₮, Code: MNT)
Airports	Chinggis Khaan International Airport (15 mi / 24 km)

Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, is a blend of modernity and tradition. Nestled in the valley of the Tuul River and surrounded by four sacred mountains, it is both the cultural and economic heart of the country. Throughout its history, from a nomadic settlement to a Soviet-style city, Ulaanbaatar has been a site of continuous transformation. Today, it juxtaposes ger districts, traditional tent communities, with towering skyscrapers, symbolizing Mongolia’s aspirations in the global context. The city’s history spans centuries, marked significantly by its role in the propagation of Buddhism in Mongolia and its strategic position on the Silk Road. Modern Ulaanbaatar is also a hub for cultural festivals, such as Naadam, which showcases Mongolian wrestling, horse racing, and archery, drawing visitors from around the world.

Where is Ulaanbaatar?

Ulaanbaatar is located in northern Mongolia, situated between four sacred mountains in the valley of the Tuul River near the Gorkhi-Terelj National Park.

Distances:

Route	Distance by car	Time by car
From Darhan to Ulaanbaatar	230 km	3h 30m
From Erdenet to Ulaanbaatar	371 km	5h 45m

What is Ulaanbaatar famous for?

Ulaanbaatar is renowned for its unique blend of Mongolian cultural heritage and urban growth. It earns distinction for hosting the Naadam Festival, an intangible cultural heritage recognized by UNESCO.

History

Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, boasts a rich tapestry of history that dates back to its origins as a nomadic Buddhist monastic center. It was founded in 1639 as Örgöö (translated to “Palace”) and has since undergone numerous transformations, both in name and location, reflecting its deep historical and cultural significance.

1639-1700: The Formation and Early Years

Ulaanbaatar started as a movable monastery tent city, changing locations along the banks of the Selbe River. Its initial purpose was to serve as a religious center for the introduction and spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia.

1700-1911: Stability and Growth

The city settled permanently at its present location in 1778, where it was known as Ikh Khüree, or “Great Camp”. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, it blossomed as a major center of religion and Mongolian culture, harboring a significant number of monasteries and thousands of monks.

1911-1924: Towards Independence

In 1911, with the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia declared independence, and Ikh Khüree became the seat of the new government. However, true autonomy was short-lived; it became a focal point for Soviet influence by the early 1920s.

1924-Present: Modernization and Development

In 1924, following the establishment of the Mongolian People’s Republic, the city was renamed Ulaanbaatar, which means “Red Hero”. The 20th and 21st centuries have seen continued development, with Ulaanbaatar evolving into a vibrant urban hub, balancing modernity with its rich historic roots.

Visit Ulaanbaatar

What to see and do in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Ulaanbaatar is a city where ancient traditions and modern life blend seamlessly. Visitors can explore a number of fascinating attractions:

The Gandan Monastery, a vibrant center of Mongolian Buddhism.
The National Museum of Mongolia, which provides insights into the rich tapestry of the country’s history.
Sükhbaatar Square, the central and most symbolic square of the city.
Zaisan Memorial, offering panoramic views of Ulaanbaatar.
The Genghis Khan Statue Complex, located a short drive from the city.

These landmarks provide a deep dive into the cultural heritage and the dynamic evolution of this unique capital.

Festivities and Events in Ulaanbaatar

Ulaanbaatar hosts several culturally significant events throughout the year, notably:

The Naadam Festival, occurring in July, showcasing traditional Mongolian sports like wrestling, archery, and horse racing.
The Golden Eagle Festival, a spectacular display of traditional eagle hunting, typically held in October.

These events offer a glimpse into the traditional Mongolian way of life and provide stimulating experiences for visitors.

Best time to visit Ulaanbaatar

The best time to visit Ulaanbaatar is during the summer months, from June to August, when the weather is warmest and the city is vibrant with activities and festivals. This period provides an ideal climate for exploring both the city and the beautiful landscapes of Mongolia.

Is Ulaanbaatar worth visiting?

Ulaanbaatar is undoubtedly worth visiting for those intrigued by a blend of historic charm and modern dynamism. The city serves as a cultural hub of Mongolia, offering a rare peek into Mongolian traditions through its monasteries, museums, and festivals. With its unique position between vast steppes and modern development, Ulaanbaatar provides a compelling destination, rich in cultural, historical, and natural attractions.

What cultural festivals can I experience in Ulaanbaatar?

Ulaanbaatar is host to several vibrant cultural festivals that offer a glimpse into both ancient traditions and modern Mongolian life. One of the most significant is the Naadam Festival, typically held in July. This event, often referred to as the “Three Games of Men,” features competitions in wrestling, horse racing, and archery. Another major event is the Tsagaan Sar, or Mongolian Lunar New Year, which marks the end of winter and is a time for family reunions and elaborate feasts. The winter festival, known as the Ice Festival, held on the frozen surface of nearby rivers, showcases ice sculpting, ice skating, and other winter sports.

What local foods should I try in Ulaanbaatar?

When visiting Ulaanbaatar, tasting the local cuisine is a must. Traditional dishes often revolve around meat, dairy, and hearty flavors. Start with “Buuz,” steamed dumplings filled with meat, usually mutton or beef. Another must-try is “Khuushuur,” a fried meat pastry. For a truly traditional experience, sample “Borts,” air-dried meat that can be stored for months. Dairy products are also essential, with “Aaruul” (dried curds) and “Suutei Tsai” (milk tea) being popular among locals. Exploring these flavors will give you a real taste of Mongolian culinary culture.

What are the best museums to visit in Ulaanbaatar?

Ulaanbaatar offers several museums that cover a wide range of interests. The National Museum of Mongolia is essential for understanding the country’s history, offering artifacts from the Mongol Empire to modern times. The Museum of Natural History showcases Mongolia’s diverse fauna, including dinosaur fossils found in the Gobi Desert. Art lovers will appreciate the Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts, which presents artworks from Mongolian and Buddhist traditions. Additionally, the Choijin Lama Temple Museum offers insights into Buddhist heritage and architecture in Mongolia.

Can you recommend any outdoor activities in or near Ulaanbaatar?

Ulaanbaatar is a gateway to numerous outdoor activities, thanks to its proximity to mountainous areas and national parks. Hiking is popular in Bogd Khan Uul National Park, which is accessible from the city. For a unique experience, consider a horseback riding tour through the Mongolian steppe, provided by local tour operators. In the winter, skiing and snowboarding are available at Sky Resort, located just outside the city. For those interested more in leisure than adventure, Terelj National Park offers stunning scenery and the chance to stay in a traditional Ger (yurt) camp.

What is traditional Mongolian attire, and where can I buy it in Ulaanbaatar?

Traditional Mongolian attire, known as “Deel,” is an essential part of the nation’s cultural identity. It is a long, one-piece garment worn by men and women on special occasions and in rural areas. The best places to purchase a Deel in Ulaanbaatar are the State Department Store or the Naran Tuul Market. These locations offer a variety of Deels, made from different materials and in various styles. Wearing a Deel during your visit can be a memorable way to immerse yourself in Mongolian culture.

What is the significance of the Gandantegchinlen Monastery in Ulaanbaatar?

The Gandantegchinlen Monastery, often simply known as Gandan Monastery, is one of Ulaanbaatar’s most significant and historic spiritual sites. Founded in the mid-19th century, it is the largest and most important Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, serving as a center for Mongolian Buddhists and a hub for Buddhist learning. The monastery features several temples, notably containing an impressive 26.5-meter-high statue of Avalokiteshvara. Gandan Monastery is not only a place of worship but also a symbol of the revival of Buddhism in Mongolia after decades of Soviet suppression.

How can I experience nomadic culture while staying in Ulaanbaatar?

Experiencing nomadic culture is accessible from Ulaanbaatar, with several tour operators offering day trips or longer stays in nomadic camps. These tours often include a stay in a Ger (traditional Mongolian yurt), a taste of nomadic cuisine, and the opportunity to observe or participate in daily activities such as herding livestock, horseback riding, and crafting traditional items. This experience provides a profound insight into the daily lives and traditions of Mongolian nomads, which have survived centuries of change yet remain central to the nation’s identity.

Are there any specific local customs I should be aware of when visiting Ulaanbaatar?

When visiting Ulaanbaatar, being aware of local customs can help enrich your experience and show respect for cultural norms. One important practice is the greeting; it is customary to offer a warm handshake, often with the right hand supported by the left elbow. It’s also polite to accept items with your right hand or both hands. In homes or Gers (yurts), always refrain from stepping on the threshold. Also, when offered food or drink, it is polite to accept at least a small amount, even if you do not intend to consume it. Respecting these customs will be appreciated by locals and enhance your cultural experience.